Summary of Chapter 15 Personality and Social Interaction, from Personality Psychology Domains of Knowledge About Human Nature Essay Example

Summary of Chapter 15: Personality and Social Interaction, from Personality Psychology: Domains of Knowledge About Human Nature Paper Part 5: The Social Cultural Domain Chapter 15: Personality Social Interaction -Emphasis on personality as it is affected by and expressed through social institutions, social roles and expectations, and through relationships with other people in our lives. -Interpersonal traits have long-term outcomes in our lives. For ex. Whether a person is controlling or easy going can affect aspects from: the conflicts he gets into with his spouse and work partners to the strategies he uses to achieve his goals. Whether a person tends to be nervous or optimistic affects the likelihood of diverse social outcomes, such as divorce or success in a sales career. -Many of the most important individual (ind) differences and personality traits are played out in our interpersonal relationships. -3 key processes whereby personality affects social interactions are described: 1. Selection: people may choose specific social environments according to their personalities. 2. Evocation: we determine how people evoke distress, as well as positive feelings, in others. 3. Manipulations: for influencing others. What are the strategies that people use to get what they want from others? -One important interpersonal context concerns relationships between men and women. -An essential part of our social identity is our gender. -Differences between the personalities of men and women have long been of interest to personality psych. Some researchers emphasize that sex differences are small and that the variability within a sex exceeds the variability between the sexes. Other researchers focus on the differences between sexes and emphasize that some are large and are found in different cultures. Men tend to score higher on aggressiveness; women tend to score higher on measures of trust and nurturance. Where do sex differences come from? -â€Å"Gender† may actually have its origins in culture, i. e. how society makes up different rules/expectations for men and women. -Other theories emphasize gender differences are due to hormones, ex. Testosterone levels differ greatly between men and women, and testosterone has been associated with personality traits of dominance, aggression, and sexuality. Another theory refers to evolution, and suggests that men and women faced different challenges and have evolved solutions to these different challenges. -Gender differences are clearly part of the social and cultural domain because they refer to and are played out in interpersonal relations. -Another socially important difference between people derives from their culture, the system of social rules, expectations, and rituals in which a person is raised. Ex. A crying baby may always be picked up/comforted in one culture, while in another the baby is left to cry. We will write a custom essay sample on Summary of Chapter 15: Personality and Social Interaction, from Personality Psychology: Domains of Knowledge About Human Nature specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Summary of Chapter 15: Personality and Social Interaction, from Personality Psychology: Domains of Knowledge About Human Nature specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Summary of Chapter 15: Personality and Social Interaction, from Personality Psychology: Domains of Knowledge About Human Nature specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Could being raised in 2 different cultures result in differences in adult personality? Do people in different cultures have different personalities? -An important goal of personality psych is in understanding how cultures shape personality and how specific cultures are different from, or similar to, each other. Identifying similarities between cultures is also looked at by cultural psychologists. Ex. of a cultural universal appears to be the expression of specific emotions. Another aspect of personality that appears to show cultural universalities is described by the 5 factor model of traits. Chapter 15 Summary The beginning episode illustrates several key ways in which personality plays an important role in social interaction. -As discussed in Chap. 4, personality interacts with situations in 3 ways: through selection, through evocation, and through manipulation of the situation. These can be applied to an understanding of how personality affects interpersonal situations. 1st, perso nality characteristics of others influence who we select as dates, friends, even marriage partners. People’s personality characteristics also play a role in the kinds of interpersonal situations they select to enter and stay in. Sue was turned off by Michaels’s aggressive and self-centered personality characteristics but someone with a different personality than Sue may have been attracted to Michael and be able to put up with his brash behaviour. -2nd, the personality qualities of others evoke certain responses in us. Michael’s aggressiveness upset Sue, evoking an emotional response that would not have been evoked if he had been kinder and more caring. Behaviours related to personality can evoke many responses in others, ranging from aggression to social support, and from marital satisfaction to marital infidelity. rd, personality is linked to the ways in which we try to influence or manipulate others. Michael 1st tried the charm tactic, then he pulled out the boasting tactic, and finally coercion, trying to force himself on Sue. A man with a different personality would have used different tactics of social influence, such as reason or reward. -Selection, evocation, and manipulation are key wa ys in which personality interacts with the social environment. Selection -In everyday life, people choose to enter some situations and avoid other situations. These forms of situation selection can hinge on personality dispositions and how we view ourselves. Social selections permeate daily life and are decision points that direct us to choose one path and avoid another. Choices can range from trivial (should I attend this party? ) to profound (should I marry this person? ). These decisions are often based on the personality of the selector. -Mate selection provides a dramatic example of this mechanism. When you select a long-term mate, you place yourself into close and prolonged contact with one particular other, thus altering the social environment to which you are exposed and in which you will reside. By selecting a mate you are also selecting the social acts you will experience and the network of family and friends in which those acts will be carried out. -Who do we seek as potential mates? Are there common personality characteristics that are highly desired by everyone? Personality Characteristics Desired in a Marriage Partner: International Investigation -The focus of this study was â€Å"What do people want in a long-term partner? † -10, 047 individuals from 6 continents and 5 islands from around the world. Largest study of its kind. Total of 37 samples from 33 countries: every major racial group, religious group, political system. -Economic status varied from middle and upper middle class college students to lower socioeconomic groups, such as Gujarati Indians and Soviet Estonians. -50 researchers collected data. Standard questionnaires were translated into the native lang. of each culture and then were administered by locals in each culture. -Revealed that personalit y characteristics play a central role in the selection of a mate. -Table 15. 1 shows mutual attraction or love was the most favoured characteristic by almost everyone in the world. After mutual attraction or love, personality characteristics proved highly important-dependable character, emotional stability, and pleasing disposition. All 3 of these are close to the labels given to 3 of the factors in the 5 factor model of personality. (Dependable character is close to Conscientiousness. Emotional stability is identical to Neuroticism, and pleasing disposition is close to Agreeableness. ) -Other personality factors rated highly included sociability, refinement neatness, and ambition and industriousness. Assortative Mating for Personality: The Search for the Similar Complementary needs theory: â€Å"opposites attract†. People are attracted to those who have different personality dispositions than they have. Ex. People who are dominant, might need to be with someone whom they can control and dominate. People who are submissive, need to choose a mate who can dominate and control them. Attraction similarity theory: â€Å"birds of a feather flock together†. People are attracted to those who are similar to themselves. Ex. People who are dominant might be attracted to other dominant people, and people who are extroverted might be attracted to others who share the same trait so they can party together. Although there are supporters of both theories, the results show an overwhelming support for the attraction similarity theory and no support for the complementary needs theory. The only characteristics on which â€Å"opposites attract† has shown to be biological. Men tend to be attracted to women, and women tend to be attracted to men. -Assortative mating: a phenomenon by which people are marr ied to people who are similar to themselves. For nearly every variable that has been examined-from single actions to ethnic and racial status- people seem to select mates who are similar to themselves. Positive correlations have been shown for physical characteristics such as height, weight, and even nose breadth and earlobe length. -Personality trait assessment based solely on judgments of photographs shows assortative mating. -Couples who have been together longest appeared most similar in personality, a finding that may result from couples growing more similar in personality over time or from dissimilar couples breaking up more often. -Are these positive correlations caused by the active selection of mates who are similar or simply are they by-products of causal processes? Ex. Proximity: people tend to marry those who are close by. Since people who live close by share certain characteristics, the positive correlations found in married couples could be a side effect of marrying someone close by, rather than an active selection of similar partners. -Cultural institutions (colleges, universities) may promote assortative mating by admitting people who are similar in certain variables such as intelligence, motivation and social skills. -Botwin colleagues tested these competing predictions by studying 2 samples of subjects: dating couples and newlyweds. Participants expressed their preferences for the personality characteristics in a potential mate on 40 rating scales, which were scored on 5 dimensions of personality: Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Emotional Stability, and Intellect-Openness. The 2nd stage used 3 data sources: self-reports, reports by their partners, and independent reports by interviewers. Correlations were computed between the ratings made by the subject (self) and the average of the peer and interviewer ratings on the subject (aggregate). -Table 15. 2 shows the correlations were consistently positive. Those who scored high on Extraversion wanted to select an extroverted mate; those who scored high on Conscientiousness desired the same in a mate. Other studies have confirmed this and added that most people want someone who is similar as well as higher than themselves in the traits of Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Emotional Stability. -Therefore, positive correlations on personality variables between husbands and wives are due, at least in part, to direct social preferences, based on the personality characteristics of those doing the selecting. Do People Get the Mates They Want? And Are They Happy? -We don’t always get what we want in life and this is true of mate selection as well. -Many people end up with mates who fall short of their ideals. It is reasonable to predict that these individuals will be less satisfied than those whose mates embody their desires. -Table 15. 3 shows the correlations between the ideal personality characteristics of individuals obtained mates across 3 subsamples- women who are dating, women who are married, men who are married. As a general rule, people seem to get the mates they want in terms of personality. -Are people who get what they want happier with their marriages than people who do not? Botwin et al. examined this issue by creating difference scores between the preferences each ind expressed for the ideal personality of a mate and assessments of the spouse’s actual personality. These scores were then used to predict marital satisfaction, after 1st controlling for the main effects of the spouse’s personality. Results: One’s partner’s personality had a substantial effect on marital satisfaction. The key to marital happiness is having a partner who is agreeable, emotionally stable, and open. -Table 15. 4 shows correlations between the participants’ marital satisfaction scores and the partners’ personality scores, obtained through partners’ self-reports. Having a partner who is agreeable is an especially strong predictor of being happy with one’s marriage for both men and women. -People married to agreeable partners are more satisfied with their sex lives, view their spouses as more loving and affectionate, as a source of shared laughter, and as a source of stimulating conversation. People married to disagreeable partners are the most unhappy with the marriage and are at more risk of divorce. -Conscientiousness, Emotional Stability, and Openness are other characteristics linked with marital satisfaction. -Men whose wives score high on Conscientiousness are significantly more sexually satisfied with the marriage than are other husbands. -Women whose husbands score high on Conscientiousness are generally more satisfied, and happier with their spouses as sources of stimulating conversation. Both men and women whose spouses score high on Emotional Stability are generally more satisfied, view their spouses as sources of encouragement, and support, and enjoy spending time with their spouses. -Both men and women whose spouses score high on Openness are generally satisfied and perceive that a lot of love and affection are expressed in the marriage. -Women whose husbands score high on Intellect-Openness view their husbands as sources of stimulating conversation. -â€Å"Optimism† also predicts high levels of satisfaction in romantic relationships over time. In the newlywed year, people rate their spouses high on Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion and Openness. Over the next 2 years, ratings of spouse’s personalities become increasingly negative on these traits, illustrating a â€Å"Honeymoon effect†. And those who show the most marked negative ratings of their spouse’s personality over time show the largest decreases in marital satisfaction. -Those who select mates high on Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Emotional Stability, and Openness show the greatest happiness with their marriages. Personality and the Selective Breakup of Couples -According to violation of desire theory, break-ups should be more common when one’s desires are violated than when they are fulfilled. People actively seek mates who are dependable and emotionally stable, and those who fail to choose such mates are at risk for divorce. -Across a wide variety of studies, emotional instability has been the most consistent personality predictor of marital instability and divorce. One reason could be that emotionally unstable individuals display higher levels of jealousy within a relationship- they worry more about a partner’s infidelity, try to prevent social contact between their partner and others, and react more explosively when their partner is unfaithful. -Low impulse control, or low conscientiousness, particularly by husbands, is also a good predictor of divorce. -Low agreeableness predicts marital dissatisfaction and divorce, this finding is less consistent and less powerful than that of emotional instability and low conscientiousness. 2 other influences of personality on relationship satisfaction or dissatisfaction are similarity in overall personality profile (rather than similarity in ind personality traits) and the closeness of match between an individual’s conception of an ideal mate and their partner’s personality. Both of these are linked with positive relationship outcomes. -Those who fail to get what they want—inclu ding a mate who is similar—tend to selectively break-up more often than those who get what they want. Shyness and the Selection of Risky Situations Shyness is defined as a tendency to feel tense, worried, or anxious during social interactions or even when anticipating a social interaction. -It is a common phenomenon, and more than 90% of the pop reports experiencing shyness at some point in their lives. Some people seem to be dispositionally shy- they tend to feel awkward in most social situations and usually avoid situations in which they will be forced to interact with others. -During high school and early adulthood, shy individuals tend to avoid social situations, resulting in a form of isolation. Shy women are also more likely to avoid going to the doctor for gynecological exams, putting themselves at greater health risks. They are also less likely to bring up the awkward issue of contraception before sex, and so put themselves in potentially dangerous situations. -Shynes s also affects whether a person is willing to select risky situations in the form of gambles. -Experiment using the Cheek shyness scale: Participants were given a choice to gamble with very good odds but a low amount of money or very low odds with a much higher amount of money. Heart rate was also measured while the choice was being made. Results: Shy women chose the smaller bets that were linked with a higher likelihood of winning, while non-shy women chose the higher risk with a lower likelihood of winning but with a larger payoff if they did win. During the task, the shy women showed a larger increase in heart rate, suggesting that fearfulness might have led to avoid the risky gambles. Other Personality Traits and the Selection of Situations -Other personality traits have been shown to affect selective entry into, or avoidance of certain situations. -People who are more empathetic are more likely to enter situations such as volunteering for community activities. People high on psychoticism seem to choose volatile and spontaneous situations more than formal or stable ones. People high on Machiavellianism prefer face-to-face situations, perhaps bc these offer a better chance to manipulate others. -High sensation seekers are more likely to volunteer for unusual experiments (involving sex or drugs) and have been found to enter into risky situations. High school students high in sensation seeking frequent parties where alcohol/marijuana is available, and are more likely to have unwanted sex when drunk. High sensation seekers also tend to select situations characterized by high-risk sexual behaviour. 112 heterosexual sensation seeking men were more likely to have unprotected sex (and more often) than low sensation seekers. No links between a sample of 104 homosexual sensation seeking men and risky sexual behaviour. Evocation -Once we select others to occupy our social environment, the evocation of reactions from others is set in motion. -Evocation may be defined as the ways in which features of personality elicit reactions from others. -Ex. Recall from Chap 3 the study of highly active children. Compared with their less active peers, highly active children tend to elicit hostility and competitiveness from others. Parents and teachers tend to get into power struggles with these children. The social interactions of less active children are more peaceful and harmonious. -Another example: you are walking down a hallway when someone bumps into you. You interpret the intentions behind this behaviour depending on your personality. If you are aggressive, you will most likely interpret the behaviour as hostile and intentional. If you are more agreeable, you are more likely to interpret the bump as an accident. Aggression and the Evocation of Hostility -Well known fact: aggressive people evoke hostility from others. People who are aggressive expect that others will be hostile toward them. -One study has shown that aggressive people chronically interpret ambiguous behaviour from others, such as being bumped into, as intentionally hostile. This is called a hostile attributional bias, the tendency to infer hostile intent on the part of others in the face of uncertain or unclear behaviour from them. -Because they expect others to be hostile, they will be hostile with others. People treated in an aggressive manner often aggress back. The aggressive actions of others will confirm what the aggressive person already believes- that others have hostility toward him or her, not realizing that the hostility is a product of their own making- or evocation. Evocation of Anger and Upset in Partners -2 ways in which personality can play a role in evoking conflict in close relationships after selection has taken place: 1. A person can perform actions that cause emotional response in a partner. Ex. a dominant person might act in a condescending manner, habitually evoking upset in the partner. . A person can elicit actions from another that upset the original elicitor. Ex. an aggressive man might elicit the silent treatment from his mate, which in turn upsets him bc she won’t speak to him. A condescending wife might undermine her husband’s self-esteem, and then become angry bc he lacks self-confidence. -Study by Buss (1991): Role of personality on evocatio n of anger and upset in married couples -Assessed personality characteristics of husbands and wives with self-report, spouse report, and independent reports by 2 interviewers. Page 478 shows an example of the instrument used. -Strongest predictors of upset are low agreeableness and emotional instability. If you marry someone with these attributes, your mate will be likely to behave in anger-evoking ways. -Links between personality and conflict show up at least as early as early adolescents-young teenagers low in agreeableness evoke more conflict and are more likely to become victimized by their peers in high school. -Agreeable individuals also tend to use effective conflict resolution tactics, which will lead to harmonious social interactions. In general, one’s personality can create the social environment to which one is exposed through the process of evocation. Extraverted people tend to crack more jokes, evoking greater laughter from others than do introverts. Agreeable people tend to evoke more social support from their parents, and aggressive people tend to evoke more hostility from strangers. Evocation Through Expectancy Confirmation -Expectan cy confirmation: Expectancy confirmation: People’s beliefs about personality characteristics of others cause them to evoke in others actions that are consistent with initial beliefs. A. K. A. self-fulfilling prophecy. -Snyder and Swann (1978): People’s beliefs led them to behave in an aggressive manner toward an unsuspecting target, and then the target behaved in a more aggressive manner, confirming initial beliefs. This behaviour from the target was evoked by the person who expected hostility. -Beliefs about a person’s personality characteristics may have far-reaching effects on evoking behaviour that confirm our initial beliefs. -It is sometimes said that in order to change your personality, you must move to a place where people don’t already know you. Through expectancy confirmation, people who already know you may unwittingly evoke in you behaviour that confirms their beliefs, thereby constraining your ability to change. Manipulation -Personality is linked to ways in which we try to influence or manipulate others -Manipulation, or social influence, includes ways in which people intentionally alter, change, or exploit others. No malicious intent is implied with this term but is also not excluded. -Part of social living is that we influence others all the time. -The term manipulation is used descriptively, with no negative connotation. -Evolutionary perspective of anipulation: natural selection favours people who successfully manipulate objects in their environment. -Some manipulable objects are inanimate, such as the raw materials used to build shelters, tools, clothing, and weapons. Other objects are alive, such as predator and prey, as well as mates, parents, children, rivals, and allies. -The manipulation of others can be summa rized as the various means by which we influence the psychology and behaviour of other people. -Manipulation can be examined from two perspectives within personality psychology: 1. Are some individuals consistently more manipulative than others? . Given that all people attempt to influence others, do stable personality characteristics predict tactics that are used? A Taxonomy of Eleven Tactics of Manipulation -A taxonomy is a classification scheme- the identification of naming of groups within a particular subject field. Ex. Periodic table -A taxonomy of tactics of manipulation was developed through a two-step procedure: 1. Nominations of acts of influence 2. Factor analysis of self-reports and observer-reports of the previously nominated acts -11 tactics of social influence were identified, including charm, coercion, silent treatment, reason. Table 15. 5 full list of taxonomy of 11 tactics Sex Differences in Tactics of Manipulation -Women and men equally performed almost all of the tactics of social influence. Only one small exception: the regression tactic (crying, whining, pouting, sulking). Women more than men use this tactic to get their way. Personality Predictors of Tactics of Manipulation -Are people with certain personality traits more likely to use certain tactics of manipulation than others? -200 participants; each rated act of influence on the degree to which they used t in each of the 4 relationships: spouse, friend, mother, father. Correlations were then computed between the personality traits of the participants and their use of each tactic of manipulation. -Those who scored high in dominance (extraversion) used coercion, such as demanding, threatening, cursing, criticizing, in order to get their way. They also used responsibility invocation, getting others to make commitments to a course of action and saying that it was their duty. -Those who scored low in dominance (relatively submissive) used the self-abasement tactic to influence others. They lowered themselves, or tried to look sickly. They also tended to use the hardball tactic-deception, lying, degradation, and even violence- more often than the dominant participants. -Highly agreeable people use pleasure induction and reasoning. They describe how enjoyable the activity will be, explain the rationale for wanting others to engage in particular behaviour, and point out all the good things that will come from doing them. -Disagreeable people use coercion and the silent treatment. They will criticize, yell, scream, and also give the silent treatment to get their way. They are also likely to seek revenge on people who they believe have wronged them. They tend to be more selfish in their use of collective resources, whereas highly agreeable people show more self-restraint when the group’s resources are scarce or threatened. -Conscientious individuals use reason. They explain why they want the other person to do something, provide logical explanations for wanting it done, and explain the rationale for doing it. -Emotionally unstable people use a wide variety of manipulation tactics: hardball and coercion, but also reason and monetary reward. Most commonly used is regression. The emotional volatility is strategically motivated, used to get what they want. A Closer Look: Machiavellian Personality -Niccolo Machiavelli, an Italian diplomat wrote a classic treatise, The Prince, in 1513. It is a book of advice on acquiring and maintaining power, which he wrote to ingratiate himself to a new ruler after the one he had served had been overthrown. It is based on manipulation tactics and is entirely lacking in traditional values (trust, honour, decency). -Machiavellianism eventually came to be associated with a manipulative strategy of social interaction and with a personality style that uses other people as tools for personal gain. 2 psychologists, Christie Geis, developed a self-report scale to measure ind differences in Machiavellianism. -High Mach: manipulative, has a cynical worldview, treats people as tools for personal ends, is not trusting, lacks empathy, make very believable liars. This type of strategy works best in politics. -Low Mach: trusting, empathetic, believes that things are clearly right or wrong, views human nature as basi cally good. Strategies of cooperation based on reciprocity- both will be better off in the end, not just one. This is a long-term social strategy, unlike the short-term strategy of the high Mach. -Real world setting: stockbrokers who were high Machs in loosely structured organizations had more clients and earned twice as many commissions as low Machs. In more tightly structured organizations, low Machs earned twice as much money as high Machs and teice as much in commissions. -This proves that the success of Machiavellian social strategies is highly context dependent. It is not a social strategy that works all the time. Social situations with lots of rules do not allow high Machs to con others, tell lies, and betray others who trust them with impunity because they will get caught and most likely fired. -High Machs are more likely than low Machs to feign love in order to get sex (they will say â€Å"I love you† when they don’t mean it to get sex), get a partner drunk to induce them into having sex, and express a willingness to use force to achieve sex with an unwilling partner. Also more likely to be unfaithful. -The links between Machiavellianism and manipulation tactics are stronger in men than women. High Machs tend to select situations that are loosely structured, untethered by rules that would restrict the deployment of an exploitative strategy. The high Mach tends to evoke specific reactions from others, such as anger and retaliation for having been exploited. The high Mach tends to manipulate other people in predictable ways, using tactics that are exploitative, self-serving, and deceptive. Panning Back: An Overview of Personality and Social Interaction -Personality does not reside passively within an ind, but rather reaches out and profoundly affects each person’s social environment. -Table 15. highlights the 3 processes by which personality can influence an individual’s social environment (selection, evocation, manipulation). -Selection- In the physical domain, an introvert is more likely to select a rural habitat and avoid cold climates. An extrovert is more likely to choose city living with all opportunities for social interaction. In the social domain, an introvert is more likely to choose an introvert/extrovert is more likely to choose an extrovert. -Evocation- In the physical domain, a loud, heavy person who treads heavily is more likely to evoke an avalanche while climbing a snowy mountain. In the social domain, narcissistic people evoke admiration from followers/contempt from those who dislike self-centeredness. -Manipulation- Conscientious people keep their rooms tidy, neat, free of clutter. Low Conscientious people have dirty, cluttered, messy rooms. A person high on openness creates stylish, colourful rooms with a varied collection of books and CDs. High Intellect types use reason and rationality to get their way and narcissists try to blame other for their failures. A Closer Look: Narcissism and Social Interaction Narcissism is a personality dimension involving high levels of self-absorption and conceitedness, placing one’s own wants and needs above others, displaying unusual grandiosity, showing a profound sense of entitlement, and lacking empathy for other people’s needs, feelings, and desires. Tend to be exhibitionistic, and interpersonally exploitative. -Female celebrities, such as women in reality tv shows, tend to be more narcissistic than other s. -Tend to believe they are very good-looking but empirical evidence shows they are average. Selection: Narcissists tend to choose people who admire them and think highly of them. They don’t want people around who think they are less than extraordinary, beautiful, or brilliant. -They tend to select social situations where they will receive their â€Å"opportunity for glory†, and avoid situations where their self-perceived magnificence will go unnoticed. -When rejected, they tend to lash out with great anger to those who have wronged them. They view themselves as victims of interpersonal transgressions far more frequently than those low on narcissism. They view themselves as â€Å"better†or more desirable than their romantic partners, do not doubt their partners level of commitment even though they score low on commitment, and have a greater willingness to accept a dating invitation from someone else. -Due to sense of entitlement, they may also lack the ability to forgive others. Evocation: -Narcissists evoke predictable responses from others in social environment. Some view them as brilliant, entertaining, and â€Å"not boring†, some see them as boorish and selfish. -They evoke anger because of their self-aggrandizing actions, such as pulling rank on others to make a point. They tend to create self-promoting FB pages, more likely to wear expensive and flashy clothing, if female: they wear more make-up and revealing clothing. Manipulation: -They are highly exploitative of others, can be described as â€Å"users†. They use friends for wealth or connections. They use positions of power to exploit subordinates and humiliate others. -They react to failure with ferocious attempts to derogate others. -They lash out in anger and aggression against others when confronted with their own failure.

MMRDA - Smart BKC EOI-4.0 Final Essays - Geography Of Mumbai

MMRDA - Smart BKC EOI-4.0 Final Essays - Geography Of Mumbai Page 1 of 18 Expression of Interest (EOI) Implementation of Smart BKC initiatives in Bandra Kurla Complex, Mumbai For: Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA) Ref Number: Date: 10th September, 2014 In-charge, Information Technology Cell Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority 2nd Floor, A wing Bandra Kurla Complex Bandra (East), Mumbai- 400-051 Tel: 022-26595919 Fax: 022-26595943 Email: [emailprotected] [emailprotected] Page 2 of 18 Table of Contents 1. Key Events and Dates...................................................................................................................................... 3 2. Introduction....................................................................................................................................................... 4 3. Vision Smart BKC 1.0 ...................................................................................................................................... 5 4. Purpose of Global EOI ..................................................................................................................................... 8 5. Qualification Criteria......................................................................................................................................... 8 6. Joint venture/ Consortium ................................................................................................................................ 9 7. EOI Selection Process ..................................................................................................................................... 9 8. EOI Submission process................................................................................................................................ 10 9. Clarifications on the EOI ................................................................................................................................ 11 10. General Terms & Conditions...................................................................................................................... 11 11. Annexure A - EOI Template....................................................................................................................... 13 Section-1: Covering Letter................................................................................................................................. 13 Section-2: Company Profile ............................................................................................................................... 14 Section-3: Financial Details of the Lead Bidder................................................................................................. 16 Section-4: Financial Details of the Consortium Partner if any; .......................................................................... 16 Section 5: Technical Approach & Case Study................................................................................................... 17 12. Annexure B Snapshots on Smart BKC 1.0 ............................................................................................. 18 Page 3 of 18 1. Key Events and Dates The EOI shall be submitted through online e-tendering portal of MMRDA only etendermmrda.maharashtra.gov.in. S. No Information Details 1) Advertising Date 10th September, 2014 2) Download Date From 10th September , 2014 to 20th October September, 2014 3) Last date of receipt of Queries/Clarifications via email to [emailprotected] 24th September 2014 4) Pre Bid Meeting 26 th September 2014 at 3.00 pm 5) Last date (deadline) for online submission of bids at etendermmrda.maharashtra.gov.in 28th October, 2014 till 6.00pm 6) EOI Transfer date 28th October, 2014 till 7.01pm to 29th October 2014 till 3.00pm 7) Place of Pre Bid Meeting Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority Committee room, 6 th Floor, B wing Bandra Kurla Complex Bandra (East), Mumbai- 400-051 Tel: 022-26595919 Page 4 of 18 2. Introduction Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA) was set up on the 26th January, 1975 under the Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority Act, 1974 by the Government of Maharashtra as an apex body for planning and co-ordination of development activities in the Mumbai Metropolitan Region comprising of Mumbai and its influence area. The Authority declared under the act is a highest policy making body, having perpetual succession and a common seal with power, subject to the provisions of the Act, to acquire, hold and dispose of property, both moveable and immovable and to contact and to sue and be sued in its corporate name. At the apex is the Authority presided by the Minister of Urban Development Department, presently the Honble Chief Minister. At the second and intervening tier is the Executive Committee presided by the Chief Secretary to the State Government. The third tier is headed by the Metropolitan Commissioner assisted by the Additional Metropolitan Commissioner and other head of departments and supporting staff/officers. Organizational Overview- Snapshot MMRDA prepares plans; formulates policies and programs; implements projects and helps in directing investments in the Region. In particular, it conceives, promotes and monitors the key projects for Page 5 of 18 developing new growth centers and brings about improvement in sectors like transport, housing, water supply and environment in the Region. With the challenges of demographic change, population growth, climate change, Urbanization, it is essential that our cities allow future generations to not only sustain but also thrive. We envision a world where digital technology and intelligent design are harnessed to create smart, sustainable cities with high quality living. MMRDA being the apex Planning and Policy making body in the State has envisaged to invest in smart initiatives such as smart economy, smart buildings, smart mobility, smart energy, smart information communication and technology, smart planning, smart citizen and smart governance. MMRDA envisages developing MMR as an region that focuses on service provision to its citizen through a robust public & private sector collaboration model that embeds technology to integrate multiple infrastructure services for efficient operational bringing in revolutionary improvement in quality of life with sustainable inclusive approach. 3. Vision Smart BKC 1.0 Bandra Kurla Complex (BKC) was developed by MMRDA to create a State of the art financial and business hub. Bandra-Kurla Complex is being developed to decongest/decentralize further concentration of offices and commercial activities in South Mumbai. It facilitates built up space for operation of financial services, information technology and other ancillary services in the Bandra-Kurla Complex. Bandra-Kurla Complex (BKC) is one of the prime growth centre of Mumbai for which MMRDA is the "Special Planning Authority". Today, the complex enjoys a numero one status due to the proximity to airport and other bankinig sector. The complex is already providing more than two lakh jobs and is a magnet to absorb future growth of offices and commercial activities. The Authority has developed 19 hectares of land (E Block) with the presence of prominent institutions such as the Reserve Bank of India, Income Tax, Sales

Business Model Innovation

This growth has largely been driven by socio-economic and political imperatives to improve rural livelihood and by technological innovation. Based on a content analysis of 232 scholarly articles, the literature is categorized into four focal lenses: technology, institutional, viability and user-centric. We ? nd that the ? rst two dominate the RE debate. The viability lens has been used less frequently, whilst the user-centric lens began to engage scholars as late as 2007. However, there are business models that avoid this problem: in Bangladesh, the operational risk remained with Grameen Shakti, although ownership was immediately transferred to the customer (Alamgir, 1999). We found no single RE paper that explicitly incorporated these replacement costs and associated risks in their analysis of the purchasing decision. Â  Reliability The reliability of electricity provision is an important parameter in the customer’s decision-to-connect. We understand reliability as a combination of quality, service level and suf? ciency (timely delivery of desired quantity). Peters et al. (2010) con? rm that locally conceived projects could overcome barriers that would otherwise arise, while Hossein Mondal et al. (2010) state that involving local stakeholders will facilitate RET diffusion. Involving the community from the conception stage thus reduces the ‘not invented here syndrome’ and improves acceptance of new technologies. They conclude that technology push projects seldom involve local communities and that this lack of involvement might be one of the crucial reasons for their demise. On an outcome level, Reiche et al. (2000) state that giving local communities ownership will also increase sustainability.

Best Practices for Network Security Research Paper

Best Practices for Network Security - Research Paper Example Several even have to care about how to show paces of owed upkeep and owed meticulousness to a rising register of supervisory obedience burdens. What can one do underneath such great weight to make an improved year, not an annum laden with lost time, network clear-out and obedience annoyances? I've derived what I would deliberate certain practices which can be classified the finest system safety rehearses. Finest practices are stuffs you do - steps up a ladder you climb - activities and tactics. Inside those strategies, I'm sure it will consist of which safety countermeasures to fit in the financial plan for the year. Though I believed in going into particulars about latest safety notions, such as amalgamated risk managing or system admittance resistor, it appears more suitable to place emphasis on the best objectives as a replacement for the best safety apparatuses you might deliberate positioning. For instance, I deliberate an encryption of one of the best practices and not an inven tion or instrument. I'm sure you'll discover many saleable and easily obtainable gears out there. You can continuously gauge those gears which you catch most suitable for your own best-practice archetypal. Shopping cart scheme took this encoded credit card material and stowed it, not encoded in basic manuscript on a record server that was linked to the Web server. Quoting Gary Mileisfeky, â€Å"These two servers were like putty to the hackers - one SQL Injection attack and thousands of consumer records were grabbed, sold and used for siphoning money from the credit cards†(12 Best Practices for Online Security). It is now possible for you to purchase lists of Social Security numbers, forenames, addresses, telephone information, bank account archives and credit cards on the black marketplace. It's now a business. Do not let your association be among those auxiliary lists. The paramount exercise is to look at all features of electric communique and records handling during the co urse of your association. That should comprise of all instantaneous text messaging, folder transmission, conversations, e-mails, connected conferences and webinars, also all records formation, alteration, storing, removal and recovery. How are customer archives kept? How are automated varieties of other personal material secured? Back-up data is not sufficient. You ought to arrange a VPN for those who have admission to your system from the external. Make certain the networks that allow admission onto the system over the encoded channel are likewise not the frailest relations in the substructure. Do not let them in if they are not completely mended, improved, polished for malware and legitimate. Moreover, if you lease an operative with a processor, get the apparatus back - and in the interim, shut their VPN channel. The planning phase is three-pronged and includes making policy declarations, piloting a risk investigation and launching a safety squad configuration. To fashion policy s tatements, the association requires the measure of what ranks of security are fitting and attainable by taking into deliberation the administrative arrangement, singular parts and accountabilities, rules previously present in the dwelling, facility level contracts concerning the IT division and

No topic, just answer the following questions Assignment - 2

No topic, just answer the following questions - Assignment Example After maturity, the sperm cells move along the vas deferens (Chiras 115-120). As the sperm cells move along the tube, they take fluid from seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and Cowper’s gland organs. The fluid is added to the sperm cells. The resulting mixture is known as semen. The fluid plays a significant role to the sperm cells. It provides nourishment to the cells, allows locomotion, and offers a suitable environment for the cells to exist. Exit of sperm occurs through a method identified as ejaculation (Chiras 115-120). However, ejaculation occurs when the male organ erect. Erection occurs once the male organ is filled with blood, and this makes it firm. As a result, semen is discharged through the tube known as the urethra. The tow cycles play a significant role in the reproduction process of a woman. A reflection on the two cycles is crucial. First, female ovarian cycle controls growth of the egg in the ovary. The process begins with the rise of level of estrogen in the woman body. Then increase level of this hormone causes an upsurge of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle Lutenising hormone (FSH) (Sloane 82-88). A rise of LH and FSH leads to growth and breakdown of the follicle, and this sets free the completely developed egg from the ovary. The menstrual cycle takes over the process from here. The process occurs in what is known as luteal phase. In the course of ovulation, the eggs disintegrate from its follicle (Sloane 82-88). However, the ruptured follicle floats on the ovary. For a period of 14 days, the follicle changes into a structure recognized as corpus luteum (Sloane 82-88). The structure plays a role of releasing progesterone and a limited amount of estrogen. The hormone helps in thicken ing of the uterine wall awaiting implantation of fertilized egg. Failure of egg to stick leads to various changes in the uterus. First, the corpus luteum shrinks and dies (Sloane

Public School vs Private School Essay Example for Free

Public School vs Private School Essay Education can be considered one of the most important decisions parents make for their children. Why? Because education lays the foundation to future success in life, I personally understood this concept early on in life. My parents from as far back as I can remember taught me the value of having an education. I can still remember my mom preaching to my younger brother and me about how the only thing an individual cannot take away from another individual is the knowledge gained in this world. Now many years later I find myself in the same position as many parents when it comes to education. I have to make the decision whether or not to send my child to public school or a private institution. How do public schools and private schools compare? And is there much of a difference? Admission standards for public schools and private schools are similar in comparison when it comes to placement testing and reviewing previous transcripts from other institutions. Public schools unlike private schools are required by law to accept individual as long as the individual is attending a school in the district that they live in. Admission to a private school is not regulated by law and is up to the digression of the school administrators and if the requirements were met by the individual. Because private schools are more selective in their admission process parents tend to base part of their decision on the reputation. Private schools of good reputation are challenging to get accepted into because of the prominent level of competition at the admissions level. Curriculum is a major influence on a parent’s decision whether or not to send their child to private or public school. In both private and public schools cover basic subjects such as English, Social Studies, Mathematics, and Science. By law public schools must follow state curriculum standards, which the schools are subject to state standardize academic testing. Whereas private school has much more freedom in their curriculum simply because they are not require to teach only basic subjects and are not subjected to state standardize testing. Private schools do subject the students to test but only based on comprehension and proficiency rather than retention. Since private schools have freedom in their curriculum, the schools have the opportunity to provide specialized courses and independent study to the students. Cost is the deal breaker in the decision on whether or not to send a child to private school or public school. In both public school and private school a financial investment is made in a child. But the best way to cut the cost especially if the affordability of attending private school is out of the question is to send your child to public school. Public Schools are financially supported by the property taxes in the local area alongside funding from state and federal government. Unlike public schools, private schools do not receive support from property taxes. The way private schools receive funding is through fundraising, the tuition from the student body, and in some cases partial government funding. Because of the lack of state and federal assistance the average tuition cost in the United States according to the National Association of Independent Schools (NAIS) is roughly $17,000 to $50,000 a year. To offset the high cost of tuition parents should seek out financial aid, financi ng, and payment plans with the private institution. The decision to place a child into a public school or a private school is not a decision that should be made overnight there is a lot to consider, most importantly the child. As a parent it is imperative to re-evaluate the child before placing the child in school because the child has to be placed in a school that is the right fit. Placing a child that thrives in a smaller group setting or enjoys one on one time I would personally consider private school as an option. If the child enjoys a larger group setting placing the child in public school will be right fit too. Overall the affordability of public school is more reasonable and the flexibility of curriculum of a private school is things can be negotiated when making the final decision. As a parent I know that the child best interest is always in the forefront whether I decide on a public school or private school.

A Streetcar Named Desire, by Tennessee Williams Essay -- A Streetcar Na

A Streetcar Named Desire Essay Reality vs. Illusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Tennessee William’s masterful play, A Streetcar Named Desire, the reader meets a middle – aged woman by the name of Blanche DuBois. Blanche lives in her own faerie tale world, one of a young, beautiful debutante, surrounded by admirers, and loved by all whom she encounters. In reality, Blanche is an aging woman who cannot cope with the actualities of life. She makes up wild stories, and when Stanley Kowalski, her brother – in – law, rapes her, the realities of life cause her to drift into absolute lunacy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Blanche appears at the apartment house where her sister, Stella, lives. She brings with her a trunk of fancy clothing, and a mind of dreams she believes are reality. As ...

Agriculture in Pakistan

In order to achieve full employment and raise its entire population above the poverty line by the year 2006-07, Pakistan needs to create additional employment for 100 million persons and raise the incomes of millions of under-employed persons. This report presents a program to achieve these goals utilizing the country's competitive advantage in labour-intensive agricultural crops and allied industries. Misfortunes can happen to some very good products. One of the major reasons for such mishappenings, is that industries and organizations fail to realize the importance of a well-planned process of new or existing product development.They do not acknowledge that â€Å" change is the only constant thing in this world† and as trends change it is important to change their products along with it too. The objectives of the program are to double agricultural production in ten years, achieve complete nutritional self-sufficiency for the country, and generate millions in exports of sugar , fruits, vegetables, silk and cotton textiles. The program will generate a minimum growth rate of more than 4% in the agricultural sector. New changes, are the lifeblood of companies.When firms do not change their level of production to meet the requirements of changing consumer desires, government regulations completion and a host of other factors: market share and profit usually decline. The life of a new industry often depends on how it conceives and produceses. INTRODUCTION Agriculture Pakistan's principal natural resources are arable land, water, and extensive natural gas reserves. About 28% of Pakistan's total land area is under cultivation and is watered by one of the largest irrigation systems in the world.Agriculture accounts for about 24% of GDP and employs about 44% of the labor force. The most important crops are cotton, wheat, rice, sugarcane, fruits, and vegetables, which together account for more than 75% of the value of total crop output. Despite intensive farming p ractices, Pakistan remains a net food importer. Pakistan exports rice, cotton, fish, fruits, and vegetables and imports vegetable oil, wheat, cotton, pulses, and consumer foods. The economic importance of agriculture has declined since independence, when its share of GDP was around 53%.Following the poor harvest of 1993, the government introduced agriculture assistance policies, including increased support prices for many agricultural commodities and expanded availability of agricultural credit. From 1993 to 1997, real growth in the agricultural sector averaged 5. 7% but has since declined to less than 4%. Agricultural reforms, including increased wheat and oilseed production, play a central role in the government's economic reform package. Role of agriculture in Pakistan.ARTICLE (September 20 2006): Agriculture is a way of life, a tradition, which for centuries has shaped the economic life, culture and the thought of the people. The importance of agriculture in the development of a country cannot be ignored. Growth of agriculture is very much essential for achieving self-reliance in major food items. Pakistan with a total land area of 79. 61 million hectares is termed as an agricultural country because agricultural sector is the single largest sector of the country which not only provides food to 140 million people but also provides employment to about 48 % of the workforce.Beside, it also provides raw material to the industry, contributes about 60% to export earnings, and provides the livelihood for 70% rural population. In short the agriculture sector can rightly be called the backbone of our economy, as it contributes around Rs800 billion, almost one-fourth to the total GDP i. e. contributing 25% of the GDP. However, the sector, which possesses the potential to be a lead sector in accelerating the economic growth and reducing poverty in Pakistan, has received less attention from successive governments in the past 57 years than other issues.According to the Economic Survey of Pakistan, this year the agricultural growth target came down to 2. 6 percent from 4. 1 percent of the last year i. e. 2004-05. The Survey also attributed the slippage in agriculture to the weak performance of both the major and minor crops. However, the government hesitated to accept its poor attention towards this important sector of the economy. Although, the government announced a comprehensive package for the farmers in June this year, it failed to satisfy the majority of the farming community as they are expressing their dissatisfaction over the incentives announced.Agriculture is the single largest sector of the economy. It contributes 24 percent of the GDP employs 48. 4 percent of country’s workforce and is a major source of foreign exchange earnings. About 68% of the population lives in rural Pakistan and depends upon agriculture for sustenance. The average annual growth rate of agriculture during 1990s was 4. 5%. The highest growth rate of 11. 7 p ercent was achieved in 1995-96 mainly due to increase in cotton, gram, milk and meat production. The sector touched the lowest negative growth rate of 5. 3 percent in 1992-93 mainly due to decrease in cotton and sugarcane production.The major crops as wheat, cotton, rice, sugarcane and maize account for 41% of value added and minor crops 10% in overall agriculture. Livestock has emerged as an important sub sector of agriculture. It accounts for 37. 5% of agriculture value added and about 9. 4% of the GDP. Similarly, fisheries play an important role in national income through export earnings. Agricultural Policy The agricultural sector is highly politicized because the majority of landowners have had considerable political influence. This has resulted in agricultural policy being steered towards supporting the production of majorcash crops such as sugarcane, and exempting almost all agricultural income from taxes. However, following recent discussions with the IMF and World Bank on r evenue collection in general, the present government is in the process of re-structuring the system to try and increase agricultural taxation. In addition, successive governments have extended considerable support to the sector by providing concessionary financing to farmers for the purchase of agricultural equipment (mainly tractors) and for building irrigation and drainage systems.Three year Strategy The Ministry of Agriculture is preparing a new three-year strategy. This will focus on the enhanced productivity of export oriented crops and ensure better marketing of exportable crops to get maximum prices of the produce. The new strategy will envisages to improve the performance of the agriculture sector including Higher growth rate of agriculture as compared to population growth Food security and self-reliance in food cropsEnhancing the productivity of wheat, rice, oil seeds, cotton and sugarcane Land and water development for a sustained agricultural growth Farm input supplies su pported by appropriate technology to the farmers and at the users' end, balanced emphasis on all aspects of agricultural production including livestock, fisheries and forestry Improving marketing of agricultural commodities, emphasis on agricultural research to generate innovative technology including biotechnology for rising per acre yield of land.Improving the productivity of small farmers while encouraging the large farmers for utilization of modern technology. GROWTH IN AGRICULTURE Agriculture is a prime sector of national economy of Pakistan. The growth in agricultural sector and national economy moves hand in hand. The wide fluctuations in agricultural growth have greatly influenced national economy. The sixties was a period of green revolution wherein dwarf cultivars of wheat and rice with high turnover of photosynthesis were introduced.This brought a quantum jump in productivity of these cereals. This resulted in an average growth rate of 5. 1% during the decade. The growth however retarded in seventies to 2. 4%. The massive nationalization policy of the private enterprises had an overall negative impact on the economy. In addition there was a slow down in the process of varietals development and their release, paltering their potential. However, the seventies was a period of high public sector investments in agriculture sector.The important institutions commissioned during this decade are Tarbela Dam, Pakistan Agricultural Research Council, Training and Visit Program of Agricultural Extension, Seed Certification and Registration Departments/Seed Corporations, On Farm Water Management and Barani Area Development Programs. In addition Cotton Export Corporation and Rice Export Corporation were established during the decade to provide an export link to indigenous production. Agriculture in Pakistan Farming is Pakistan's largest economic activity. In FY 1993, agriculture, and small-scale forestry and fishing, contributed 25 percent of GDP and employed 48 percent of the labor force. Agricultural products, especially cotton yarn, cotton cloth, raw cotton, and rice, are important exports. Although there is agricultural activity in all areas of Pakistan, most crops are grown in the Indus River plain in Punjab and Sindh.Considerable development and expansion of output has occurred since the early 1960s; however, the country is still far from realizing the large potential yield that the well-irrigated and fertile soil from the Indus irrigation system could produce. The floods of September 1992 showed how vulnerable agriculture is to weather; agricultural production dropped dramatically in FY 1993. Land Use Pakistan's total land area is about 803,940 square kilometers. About 48 million hectares, or 60 percent, is often classified as unusable for forestry or agriculture consists mostly of deserts, mountain slopes, and urban settlements.Some authorities, however, include part of this area as agricultural land on the basis that it would support some livestock activity even though it is poor rangeland. Thus, estimates of grazing land vary widely–between 10 percent and 70 percent of the total area. A broad interpretation, for example, categorizes almost all of arid Baluchistan as rangeland for foraging livestock. Government officials listed only 3 million hectares, largely in the north, as forested in FY 1992. About 21. 9 million hectares were cultivated in FY 1992.Around 70 percent of the cropped area was in Punjab, followed by perhaps 20 percent in Sindh, less than 10 percent in the North-West Frontier Province, and only 1 percent in Baluchistan. Since independence, the amount of cultivated land has increased by more than one-third. This expansion is largely the result of improvements in the irrigation system that makes water available to additional plots. Su bstantial amounts of farmland have been lost to urbanization and waterlogging, but losses are more than compensated for by additions of new land.In the early 1990s, more irrigation projects were needed to increase the area of cultivated land. The scant rainfall over most of the country makes about 80 percent of cropping dependent on irrigation. Fewer than 4 million hectares of land, largely in northern Punjab and the North-West Frontier Province, are totally dependent on rainfall. An additional 2 million hectares of land are under no irrigated cropping, such as plantings on floodplains as the water recedes.No irrigated farming generally gives low yields, and although the technology exists to boost production substantially, it is expensive to use and not always readily available. Irrigation In the early 1990s, irrigation from the Indus River and its tributaries constituted the world's largest contiguous irrigation system, capable of watering over 16 million hectares. The system inclu des three major storage reservoirs and numerous barrages, headwork’s, canals, and distribution channels. The total length of the canal system exceeds 58,000kilometers; there are an additional 1.6 million kilometers of farm and field ditches. Partition placed portions of the Indus River and its tributaries under India's control, leading to prolonged disputes between India and Pakistan over the use of Indus waters. After nine years of negotiations and technical studies, the issue was resolved by the Indus Waters Treaty of 1960. After a ten-year transitional period, the treaty awarded India use of the waters of the main eastern tributaries in its territory–the Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej rivers. Pakistan received use of the waters of the Indus River and its western tributaries, the Jhelum and Chenab rivers.After the treaty was signed, Pakistan began an extensive and rapid irrigation construction program, partly financed by the Indus Basin Development Fund of US$800 million con tributed by various nations, including the United States, and administered by the World Bank. Several immense link canals were built to transfer water from western rivers to eastern Punjab to replace flows in eastern tributaries that India began to divert in accordance with the terms of the treaty. The Mangla Dam, on the Jhelum River, was completed in 1967.The dam provided the first significant water storage for the Indus irrigation system. The dam also contributes to flood control, to regulation of flows for some of the link canals, and to the country's energy supply. At the same time, additional construction was undertaken on barrages and canals. A second phase of irrigation expansion began in 1968, when a US$1. 2 billion fund, also administered by the World Bank, was established. The key to this phase was the Tarbela Dam on the Indus River, which is the world's largest earth-filled dam.The dam, completed in the 1970s, reduced the destruction of periodic floods and in 1994 was a m ajor hydroelectric generating source. Most important for agriculture, the dam increases water availability, particularly during low water, which usually comes at critical growing periods. Despite massive expansion in the irrigation system, many problems remain. The Indus irrigation system was designed to fit the availability of water in the rivers, to supply the largest area with minimum water needs, and to achieve these objectives at low operating costs with limited technical staff.This system design has resulted in low yields and low cropping intensity in the Indus River plain, averaging about one crop a year, whereas the climate and soils could reasonably permit an average of almost 1. 5 crops a year if a more sophisticated irrigation network were in place. The urgent need in the 1960s and 1970s to increase crop production for domestic and export markets led to water flows well above designed capacities. Completion of the Mangla and Tarbela reservoirs, as well as improvements in other parts of the system, made larger water flows possible.In addition, the government began installing public tube wells that usually discharge into upper levels of the system to add to the available water. The higher water flows in parts of the system considerably exceed design capacities, creating stresses and risks of breaches. Nonetheless, many farmers, particularly those with smallholdings and those toward the end of watercourses, suffer because the supply of water is unreliable. The irrigation system represents a significant engineering achievement and provides water to the fields that account for 90 percent of agricultural production.Nonetheless, serious problems in the design of the irrigation system prevent achieving the highest potential agricultural output. Water management is based largely on objectives and operational procedures dating back many decades and is often inflexible and unresponsive to current needs for greater water use efficiency and high crop yields. Cha rges for water use do not meet operational and maintenance costs, even though rates more than doubled in the 1970s and were again increased in the 1980s. Partly because of its low cost, water is often wasted by farmers.Good water management is not practiced by government officials, who often assume that investments in physical aspects of the system will automatically yield higher crop production. Government management of the system does not extend beyond the main distribution channels. After passing through these channels, water is directed onto the fields of individual farmers whose water rights are based on long-established social and legal codes. Groups of farmers voluntarily manage the watercourses between main distribution channels and their fields.In effect, the efficiency and effectiveness of water management relies on the way farmers use the system. The exact amounts of water wasted have not been determined, but studies suggest that losses are considerable and perhaps amount to one-half of the water entering the system. Part of the waste results from se pages in the delivery system. Even greater amounts are probably lost because farmers use water whenever their turn comes even if the water application is detrimental to their crops. The attitude among almost all farmers is that they should use water when available because it may not be available at the next scheduled turn.Moreover, farmers have little understanding of the most productive applications of water during crop-growing cycles because of the lack of research and extension services. As a result, improvements in the irrigation system have not raised yields and output as expected. Some experts believe that drastic changes are needed in government policies and the legal and institutional framework of water management if water use is to improve and that effective changes can result in very large gains in agricultural output. DrainageThe continuous expansion of the irrigation system over the past cen tury significantly altered the hydrological balance of the Indus River basin. Seepage from the system and percolation from irrigated fields caused the water table to rise, reaching crisis conditions for a substantial area. Around 1900 the water table was usually more than sixteen meters below the surface of the Indus Plain. A 1981 survey found the water table to be within about three meters of the surface in more than one-half the cropped area in Sindh and more than one-third the area in Punjab.In some locations, the water table is much closer to the surface. Cropping is seriously affected over a wide area by poor drainage–waterlogging–and by accumulated salts in the soil. Although some drainage was installed before World War II, little attention was paid to the growing waterlogging and salinity problems. In 1959 a salinity control and reclamation project was started in a limited area, based on public tube wells, to draw down the water table and leach out accumulated s alts near the surface, using groundwater for irrigation.By the early 1980s, some thirty such projects had been started that when completed would irrigate nearly 6. 3 million hectares. By 1993 the government had installed around 15,000 tube wells. Private farmers, however, had installed over 200,000 mostly small tube wells, mainly for irrigation purposes but also to lower the water table. Private Wells probably pumped more than five times as much water as public wells. Officials were aware of the need for additional spending to prevent further deterioration of the existing situation.Emphasis in the 1980s and early 1990s was on rehabilitation and maintenance of existing canals and watercourses, on farm improvements on the farms themselves (including some land leveling to conserve water), and on drainage and salinity in priority areas. Emphasis was also placed on short-term projects, largely to improve the operation of the irrigation system in order to raise yields. Part of the funding would come from steady increases in water use fees; the intention is gradually to raise water charges to cover operation and maintenance costs.Considerable time and money are needed to realize the full potential of the irrigation system and bring it up to modern standards. Farm Ownership and Land Reform At independence Pakistan was a country with a great many small-scale farms and a small number of very large estates. Distribution of landownership was badly skewed. Less than 1 percent of the farms consisted of more than 25 percent of the total agricultural land. Many owners of large holdings were absentee landlords, contributing little to production but extracting as much as possible from the sharecroppers who farmed the land.At the other extreme, about 65 percent of the farmers held some 15 percent of the farmland in holdings of about two hectares or less. Approximately 50 percent of the farmland was cultivated by tenants, including sharecroppers, most of whom had little security and few rights. An additional large number of landless rural inhabitants worked as agricultural laborers. Farm laborers and many tenants were extremely poor, uneducated, and undernourished, in sharp contrast to the wealth, status, and political power of the landlordelite. After independence the country's political leaders recognized the need for more equitable ownership of farmland and security of tenancy. In the early 1950s, provincial governments attempted to eliminate some of the absentee landlords or rent collectors, but they had little success in the face of strong opposition. Security of tenancy was also legislated in the provinces, but because of their dependent position, tenant farmers benefited only slightly.In fact, the reforms created an atmosphere of uncertainty in the countryside and intensified the animosity between wealthy landlords and small farmers and sharecroppers. In January 1959, accepting the recommendations of a special commission on the subject, General Moham mad Ayub Khan's government issued new land reform regulations that aimed to boost agricultural output, promote social justice, and ensure security of tenure. A ceiling of about 200 hectares of irrigated land and 400 hectares of nonirrigated land was placed on individual ownership; compensation was paid to owners for land surrendered.Numerous exemptions, including title transfers to family members, limited the impact of the ceilings. Slightly fewer than 1 million hectares of land were surrendered, of which a little more than 250,000 hectares were sold to about 50,000 tenants. The land reform regulations made no serious attempt to break up large estates or to lessen the power or privileges of the landed elite. However, the measures attempted to provide some security of tenure to tenants, consolidate existing holdings, and prevent fragmentation of farm plots.An average holding of about five hectares was considered necessary for a family's subsistence, and a holding of about twenty to t wenty-five hectares was pronounced as a desirable â€Å"economic† holding. In March 1972, the Bhutto government announced further land reform measures, which went into effect in 1973. The landownership ceiling was officially lowered to about five hectares of irrigated land and about twelve hectares of nonirrigated land; exceptions were in theory limited to an additional 20 percent of land for owners having tractors and tube wells.The ceiling could also be extended for poor-quality land. Owners of expropriated excess land received no compensation, and beneficiaries were not charged for land distributed. Official statistics showed that by 1977 only about 520,000 hectares had been surrendered, and nearly 285,000 hectares had been redistributed to about 71,000 farmers. The 1973 measure required landlords to pay all taxes, water charges, seed costs, and one-half of the cost of fertilizer and other inputs.It prohibited eviction of tenants as long as they cultivated the land, and it gave tenants first rights of purchase. Other regulations increased tenants' security of tenure and prescribed lower rent rates than had existed. In 1977 the Bhutto government further reduced ceilings on private ownership of farmland to about four hectares of irrigated land and about eight hectares of no irrigated land. In an additional measure, agricultural income became taxable, although small farmers owning ten hectares or fewer–the majority of the farm populations–were exempted.The military regime of Zia ul-Haq that ousted Bhutto neglected to implement these later reforms. Governments in the 1980s and early 1990s avoided significant land reform measures, perhaps because they drew much of their support from landowners in the countryside. Government policies designed to reduce the concentration of landownership had some effect, but their significance was difficult to measure because of limited data. In 1993 the most recent agricultural census was that of 1980, which was used to compare statistics with the agricultural census of 1960.Between 1960 and 1980, the number of farms declined by 17 percent and farms decreased in area by 4 percent, resulting in slightly larger farms. This decline in the number of farms was confined to marginal farms of two hectares or fewer, which in 1980 represented 34 percent of all farms, constituting 7 percent of the farm hectarage. At the other extreme, the number of very large farms of sixty hectares or more was 14,000–both in 1960 and in 1980–although the average size of the biggest farms was smaller in 1980. The number of farms between two and ten hectares increased during this time.Greater use of higher-yielding seeds requiring heavier applications of fertilizers, installations of private tube wells, and mechanization accounted for much of the shift away from very small farms toward mid-sized farms, as owners of the latter undertook cultivation instead of renting out part of their land. Observers b elieved that this trend had continued in the 1980s and early 1990s. In early 1994, land reform remained a controversial and complex issue. Large landowners retain their power over small farmers and tenants, especially in the interior of Sindh, which has a feudal agricultural establishment.Tenancy continues on a large-scale: one-third of Pakistan's farmers are tenant farmers, including almost one-half of the farmers in Sindh. Tenant farmers typically give almost 50 percent of what they produce to landlords. Fragmented holdings remain a substantial and widespread problem. Studies indicate that larger farms are usually less productive per hectare or unit of water than smaller ones. Cropping Patterns and Production In the early 1990s, most crops were grown for food. Wheat is by far the most important crop in Pakistan and is the staple food for the majority of the population.Wheat is eaten most frequently in unleavened bread called chapatti. In FY 1992, wheat was planted on 7. 8 million hectares, and production amounted to 14. 7 million tons. Output in FY 1993 reached 16. 4 million tons. Between FY 1961 and FY 1990, the area under wheat cultivation increased nearly 70 percent, while yields increased 221 percent. Wheat production is vulnerable to extreme weather, especially in nonirrigated areas. In the early and mid-1980s, Pakistan was self-sufficient in wheat, but in the early 1990s more than 2 million tons of wheat were imported annually.Rice is the other major food grain. In FY 1992, about 2. 1 million hectares were planted with rice, and production amounted to 3. 2 million tons, with 1 million tons exported. Rice yields also have increased sharply since the 1960s following the introduction of new varieties. Nonetheless, the yield per hectare of around 1. 5 tons in FY 1991 was low compared with many other Asian countries. Pakistan has emphasized the production of rice in order to increase exports to the Middle East and therefore concentrates on the high-quality basmati variety, although other grades also are exported.The government increased procurement prices of basmati rice disproportionately to encourage exports and has allowed private traders into the rice export business alongside the public-sector Rice Export Corporation. Other important food grains are millet, sorghum, corn, and barley. Corn, although a minor crop, gradually increased in area and production after independence, partly at the expense of other minor food grains. Chickpeas, called gram in Pakistan, are the main nongrain food crop in area and production. A number of other foods, including fruits and vegetables, are also grown.In the early 1990s, cotton was the most important commercial crop. The area planted in cotton increased from 1. 1 million hectares in FY 1950 to 2. 1 million hectares in FY 1981 and 2. 8 million hectares in FY 1993. Yields increased substantially in the 1980s, partly as a result of the use of pesticides and the introduction in 1985 of a new high-yie lding variety of seed. During the 1980s, cotton yields moved from well below the world average to above the world average. Production in FY 1992 was 12. 8 million bales, up from 4. 4 million bales ten years earlier.Output fell sharply, however, to 9. 3 million bales in FY 1993 because of the September 1992 floods and insect infestations. Other cash crops include tobacco, rapeseed, and, most important, sugarcane. In FY 1992 sugarcane was planted on 880,000 hectares, and production was 35. 7 million tons. Except for some oil from cottonseeds, the country is dependent on imported vegetable oil. By the 1980s, introduction and experimentation with oilseed cultivation was under way. Soybeans and sunflower seeds appear to be suitable crops given the country's soil and climate, but production was still negligible in the early 1990s.

Ethical Dilemmas for Counseling

Ethical, Legal, And Professional Issues In Counseling — Presentation Transcript 1. James F. Whittenberg, M. Ed. , CSC, LPC Rivera High School, Brownsville ISD Doctoral Candidate, Capella University, Minneapolis, MN Counselor’s Institute, South Padre Island, TX January 27-29, 2011 2. This presentation is intended to raise awareness of ethical, legal, and professional issues in counseling and reduce the risk of unethical or unlawful behavior that might result in legal complications for counselors.Participants will be asked to be actively involved in group discussions pertaining to ethical dilemmas. Guidelines and recommendations for ethical decision-making will also be provided. Goals and Objectives 3. Definitions Ethical Decision Making Model Meta-Ethical Principles American School Counselors Association. (ASCA, 2004). Ethical Standards for School Counselors. American Counseling Association. (ACA, 2005). Code of Ethics. Texas State Board of Examiners of Licensed Professi onal Counselors. (LPC, 2010). Code of Ethics. Case Studies of Ethical Dilemmas Overview 4.Morality – Morals influenced by cultures and beliefs Ethics – Set of ideal standards and rules of conduct expected of individuals in specific professions Law – Rules of society enforced by government Best Practice – Practicing in the most competent way possible Reasonableness Standard – Each person owes a duty to behave as a reasonable person would under the same or similar circumstances Professionalism – Abiding by moral principals, ethical codes, legal statutes, best practice, a strong ethical decision making model, and the reasonableness standard Definitions 5.Identify Problem Apply Meta-Ethical Principles Apply Strictest, Current Ethical Code Apply School/District/Agency Policy Consult with a Supervisor or Colleague Consider All Consequences Define Course of Action Corey, Corey, & Callanan (2007) Issues & Ethics in the Helping Professions . 7 th ed. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole. Ethical Decision Making Model 6.Beneficence: Do good to benefit society Nonmaleficence: Do no harm to clients Autonomy: Freedom of choice & Control of one’s life Justice: Fairness and Equitable Fidelity: Responsibility of trust & faithful commitments Veracity: Truthful and Honesty Corey, Corey, & Callanan (2007) Issues & Ethics in the Helping Professions . 7th ed. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole. Moral Principals 7.Counseling relationship & Non-therapeutic relationships Confidentiality & Privacy Professional Responsibility Assessment & Testing Research & Publication Records (maintenance & access) Duty to Warn / Imminent Danger Advertising, Fees, Gifts, & Bartering Informed Consent & Disclosure Group Counseling Ethics, Law, Professionalism, & Competency Commonalities: ASCA, ACA, & LPC 8. American School Counselor Association (ASCA, 2005).Ethical Standards for School Counselors . http :// www. schoolcounselor. org/files/ethical%20standards. pdf R evised from 1998 to 2004 Emphasis: multicultural competency; legal statutes; accountability; student and parent rights; advocacy Aligned with the ASCA National Model Academic, career, personal, and social development Use of â€Å"student† instead of â€Å"client† Inclusion of â€Å"guardians† along with â€Å"parents† American School Counselor Association

police brutality 101 essays

police brutality 101 essays In recent years, police actions, particularly police abuse, has come into view of a wide, public and critical eye. While citizens worry about protecting themselves from criminals, it has now been shown that they must also keep a watchful eye on those who are supposed to protect and serve. This paper will discuss the types of police abuse prevalent today, including the use of firearms and receipt of private information. I will also discuss what and how citizens rights are taken advantage of by police. For these problems, solutions will be discussed, focusing on political reform, education, and citizen review boards. These measures are necessary to protect ourselves from police taking advantage of their positions as law enforcement officers with greater permissive rights than private citizens. Because of this significant differential, all citizens must take affirmative action from physical brutality, rights violations, and information abuse. Problems arise, however, when one side is to ld what to do by another, as there is bound to be conflicting viewpoints. In regard to police abuse, there will be many officers who feel that their job of fighting escalating street crime, gangs, narcotics violations, and other violent crimes is difficult already, and that worrying about excessive policy for abusive behavior will only further decrease their ability to fight crime effectively, efficiently, and safely. Citizens, however, have been caught up in this gung-ho attitude, and police are more and more often crossing the line of investigation and interrogation with abusive behavior. This abuse must be monitored so that police do not forget who they are serving-not themselves, but the public. This means that even the criminals, who are a part of the public, have certain rights, particularly, civil rights. All citizens must be aware of these rights to protect themselves against over-aggressive officers who take advantage of their position as bad...

Job analysis on Priority Plastics Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Job analysis on Priority Plastics - Case Study Example To achieve this goal, Priority Plastics, Inc. needs a job analysis plan. In essence, job analysis creates job descriptions that in turn define the duties and responsibilities of the employee. The realized job description also highlights qualification requirements desired by the employer, as well as how they relate or enhance job performance. The first step in Priority Plastics, Inc.’s plan is to determine the scope of its human resource needs. As the situation stands, the company needs to hire more employees, replace those who are leaving the company, and fill other vacant positions in other departments. In this respect, the scope is relatively wide because it covers other departments within the firm. The second step in the plan is to define the process and procedure of developing job descriptions. In this case, this effort will be an interdepartmental affair. The Human resource manager and the part-time HR Generalist need to consult with employees, supervisors, managers, and other stakeholders to determine the possible number of positions that need to be created in the company. Once this is determined, the plan goes to the next level. After consulting with key stakeholders about every aspect that relates to the company’s hiring needs, the next step is to undertake job audits. Job auditing evaluates the current human resource structuring to identify areas of success, failure, overlaps, or gaps in the human resource system (Robinson & Franklin, 2013). The primary goal of job audits is to match employees with what they are currently doing in the firm and determine areas of improvement in the next hiring cycle. In essence, the planned hiring should come in to make the company even more effective and efficient. Following job auditing, it will be clear which employees handle which tasks, and what duties or responsibilities should be directed towards new employees (Wilson, Bennett,

Co-creating New Social Business Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Co-creating New Social Business - Case Study Example In some countries, legal constraints have been embedded in their laws where companies are held responsible for actions contravening set rules and regulations on social responsibility and sustainability (Brugmann & Prahalad, 2007). Â  In adherence to the above, one of the striking strategies employed by companies is the conceptual analysis. In the conceptual analysis, companies are required to provide quality value based services and sustainability approaches to ecological sense as well as business sense. Provision of value-based services entail responding to customers’ expectations and satisfying their needs. However, this does not necessarily mean companies have to conform to customers’ thoughts, wishes, and perception. Value-based organizations are more attractive to customers and employees are normally motivated (Brugmann & Prahalad, 2007). Â  On the other hand, sustainability approach is in very many dimensions. Some of these dimensions are ethical, economic, nature philosophical, and social. Ethical dimension dictates the moral relationship that is used to define the future ways of doing business and social dimension are geared towards social justice within the society. As for nature philosophical and economic dimensions, the vulnerability of nature is presumed by limiting its degree of interference for future generations while in the economic sense theories and practices are used to create awareness on sustainable development.